Iseti yeti ye-porcelain

Zininzi iindidi zeeseti zeti yeporcelain, ezona ziphambili zezi: iiseti zeti ye-celadon, iiseti zeti yeporcelain emhlophe, iiseti zeti yeporcelain emnyama kunye neeseti zeporcelain ezinemibala. Ezi zixhobo zeti zinephepha elizukileyo kwimbali yophuhliso lwenkcubeko yeti yaseTshayina.

Iseti yeti yeCeladon

Iseti yeti yeCeladon enomgangatho we-xxx eveliswe eZhejiang. KwaseMpuma Han Dynasty, ukuveliswa kwe-celadon ngombala ococekileyo kunye ne-luminescence ecacileyo yaqala. I-Yue kiln, i-Wu kiln kunye ne-Ou kiln e-Zhejiang kwi-Jin Dynasty ifikelele kwinqanaba elikhulu. Kwi-Song Dynasty, njengenye yeekhilni ezintlanu ezidumileyo ngelo xesha, iseti yeti ye-celadon eveliswe nguZhejiang Longquan Ge Kiln yayifikelele kwincopho yayo kwaye yathunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela. KuMkhosi weMing, iiseti zeti yeceladon zazidume ngakumbi ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okuethe-ethe, ukumila kwazo okunesidima, ukumenyezela kohlaza, kunye neepateni ezintle. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, iLongquan celadon yathunyelwa eFransi, ibangela uchuku kulo lonke elaseFransi, baza abantu bayithelekisa nesambatho esihle esiluhlaza segorhakazi uXue Latong kumdlalo odumileyo othi “Malusikazi” owawuthandwa kakhulu eYurophu ngelo xesha, waza wabiza iLongquan celadon “Xue Laton” njengobutyebi obunqabileyo. Amaxesha anamhlanje, iiseti zeti ye-Zhejiang Longquan celadon zinophuhliso olutsha, kwaye iimveliso ezintsha ziyaqhubeka ziphuma. Ukongeza kwiingenelo ezininzi zeeseti zeti ye-porcelain, le seti yeti isetyenziselwa ukwenza itiye eluhlaza ngenxa yombala wayo oluhlaza, oluncedo ngakumbi kubuhle besobho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuyisebenzisa ukwenza iti emnyama, iti emhlophe, iti emthubi, kunye neti emnyama kulula ukwenza isuphu yeti ilahlekelwe yinkangeleko yayo yasekuqaleni, ebonakala ngathi ayanelanga.

Iseti yeti yeporcelain emhlophe

Iti ye-porcelain emhlophe ineempawu ze-billet eshinyeneyo kunye ne-transparent, i-glazed ephezulu kunye nomlilo wodongwe, akukho manzi afunxayo, isandi esicacileyo kunye ne-rhyme ende. Ngenxa yombala wayo omhlophe, inokubonisa umbala wesuphu yeti, ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obuphakathi kunye nokusebenza kokugcina ubushushu, kunye neemilo ezinemibala kunye nezahlukeneyo, ezinokubizwa ngokuba bubutyebi kwiinqanawa zokusela iti. Kwangoko kwi-Tang Dynasty, izitya ze-porcelain ezimhlophe eziveliswe ngu-Xingyao kwiPhondo lase-Hebei "zazisetyenziswa jikelele ngabahloniphekileyo nabahloniphekileyo emhlabeni." U-Bai Juyi we-Tang Dynasty naye wabhala imibongo encoma izitya zeti ze-porcelain ezimhlophe eziveliswe eDayi, eSichuan. KwiYuan Dynasty, iiseti zeti yeporcelain emhlophe eJingdezhen, kwiPhondo laseJiangxi zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle. Namhlanje, iiseti zeti ye-porcelain emhlophe zihlaziywa ngakumbi. Le seti yeti emhlophe-ecwebezelayo ifanelekile ukusela zonke iintlobo zeti. Ukongeza, iseti yeti ye-porcelain emhlophe imile kakuhle kwaye ihonjiswe ngobuhle, kwaye udonga lwayo lwangaphandle lupeyintwe kakhulu ngeentaba kunye nemilambo, iintyatyambo kunye nezityalo zonyaka, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana, amabali abalinganiswa, okanye zihonjiswe nge-calligraphy yodumo, kwaye inexabiso lokuxatyiswa kobugcisa, ngoko yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu.

Iseti yeti yeporcelain emnyama

Iiseti zeti ye-porcelain emnyama, yaqala ngasekupheleni kweTang Dynasty, yachuma kwiNgoma, yaqhubeka kwiYuan, kwaye yehla kwi-Ming kunye neQing dynasties, oku kungenxa yokuba ukususela ekuqaleni kweNgoma xxx, indlela yokusela iti.

Itshintshile ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwindlela ye-Sencha kwi-Tang Dynasty ukuya kwindlela yoku-odola iti, kwaye iti yokulwa ethandwayo kwi-Song Dynasty idale iimeko zokunyuka kweeseti zeti ye-porcelain emnyama.

Abantu beNgoma balinganisa umphumo weti yokulwa, bajonga umbala kunye nokufana kwesuphu ye-noodle yeti, kwaye babeka "umhlophe oqaqambileyo" kuqala; Okwesibini, jonga ubukho okanye ukungabikho kweempawu zamanzi ekudibaneni kwentyatyambo yesobho kunye nesibane seti kwaye ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva kuvele, "kungekho zimpawu zamanzi kwisibane" njengephezulu. UCai Xiang, owayengumthunywa wesithathu ngelo xesha, wayenza yacaca kakhulu “kwiRekhodi yeTea” yakhe:

"Kuhle kakhulu ukubona ukuba ubuso bakhe bumhlophe qhwa kwaye akukho zimpawu zamanzi; ekwakhiweni kovavanyo lokulwa, owokuqala onophawu lwamanzi ngumphumo, kwaye ozinzileyo uyaphumelela. Kwaye isethi yeti ye-porcelain emnyama,

Njengoko iNgoma yeNgoma uZhu Mu wathi "kwiFang Yu Shengyan", "I-Brown imhlophe, kwisibane esimnyama, iimpawu zayo zilula ukuqinisekiswa". Ke ngoko, isibane seti yeporcelain emnyama yeNgoma yeNgoma yaba lolona didi lukhulu lweeseti zeti yeporcelain. I-Fujian Jianyao, i-Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln, i-Shanxi Yuci Kiln, njl., zonke zivelisa iiseti zeti ye-porcelain emnyama ngobuninzi, ibe yindawo ephambili yokuvelisa iiseti zeti ye-porcelain emnyama. Phakathi kweeseti zeti emnyama yeporcelain, "iJianzhen" eveliswe nguJianyao yeyona idunyiswayo. "IRekhodi yeTea" kaCai Xiang yathi:

"Umdali we-Jian'an ... Okubaluleke kakhulu. Abo bavela kwenye indawo, abancinci okanye abamfusa, abalungile njengaye. "Ifomula ekhethekileyo yenza i-glaze ibonakale imivimbo yomvundla, amabala e-partridge, kunye namabala elanga ngexesha lokudubula, xa isobho seti sisesibane,

Iyakwazi ukukhanyisa amasuntswana anemibala eqaqambileyo, okwandisa umdla wokulwa neti. Ekuqaleni kweMing Dynasty, ngenxa yokuba indlela "yokupheka" yayihluke kuleyo yeNgoma yeNgoma, izibane ze-porcelain ezimnyama "zibonakala zingafanelekanga", kuphela "njengokulungiselela enye".

Iseti yeti yeporcelain enemibala

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeeseti zeti ezinemibala, phakathi kwazo iiseti zeti ye-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe zezona zitsala amehlo. Iseti yeti ye-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe, eneneni, ibhekisa kusetyenziso lwe-cobalt oxide njenge-arhente yombala, ebonisa ngokuthe ngqo ipateni kwitayara le-porcelain, kwaye emva koko igqume umaleko we-glaze ecacileyo, kwaye emva koko iyancipha kwaye iqhume kubushushu obuphezulu obumalunga ne-1300 °C kwiziko.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kumbala "weentyatyambo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kukwahlukile kumaxesha amandulo kunye nanamhlanje. Abantu bakudala ngokudibeneyo babhekisela kumnyama, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza kunye neminye imibala njenge "luhlaza", ngoko ke intsingiselo ye "intyatyambo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ibanzi kunabantu banamhlanje. Ibonakaliswa ngu:

Umzekelo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe ubonisa omnye nomnye, okholisa iliso; Imibala inomtsalane kwaye inomtsalane, kwaye kukho nombala omenyezelayo

Amandla obukhazikhazi. Ukongezelela, i-glaze kwizinto ezinemibala ibonakala imanzi kwaye ikhanya, eyongeza kwi-charm yeesethi zeti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe.

Kwakungekho de kwaphakathi kunye nasemva kwexesha leYuan Dynasty apho iiseti zeti ye-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-namhlophe zaqala ukuveliswa kwiibhetshi, ngakumbi i-Jingdezhen, eyaba yeyona ndawo iphambili yemveliso yeeseti zeti ye-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe e-China. Ngenxa yomgangatho ophezulu wetekhnoloji yokupeyinta iti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe, ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokupeyinta zaseTshayina kwiporcelain, oku kunokuthiwa yimpumelelo enkulu yeYuan Dynasty yokupeyinta. Emva kweYuan Dynasty, ukongeza kwimveliso yeeseti zeti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe eJingdezhen, kukho inani elincinci leeseti zeti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namhlophe eziveliswe eYuxi, Jianshui eYunnan, Jiangshan nakwezinye iindawo zaseZhejiang, kodwa nokuba ibingumbala ocwebezelayo, umgangatho wetayara, ukuhombisa, izakhono zokupeyinta, azikwazanga kuveliswa ngexesha elifanayo kunye ne-blue teang kunye ne-sezhente emhlophe. Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen imveliso iiseti iti blue namhlophe porcelain, ezifana teapot, iikomityi iti, izibane iti, iintlobo ngakumbi nangakumbi imibala, ngakumbi nangakumbi umgangatho esulungekileyo, nokuba imilo, imilo, zokuhombisa, etc. zincopho zelizwe, ibe enye imveliso yeti blue namhlophe iseti eziko lokuxelisa into, Qing, Dynasty, Qing, iti, imbali emhlophe, ngakumbi kwimbali emhlophe ye-pocelain Kazheng, nembali emhlophe ye-pocelain, kunye nembali emhlophe yaseKazheng. yophuhliso lweceramics zakudala, kwaye yangena kwincopho yembali, yadlula ubukhosi bangaphambili, obuchaphazela izizukulwana ezizayo. Izixhobo zeporcelain eziluhlaza namhlophe ezagxothwa ngexesha leKangxi Dynasty zaziwa njengeyona "yeyona Dynasty yaseQing" kwimbali.

Ngaphambili:

Indlela yokwenza i-ceramics?

Okulandelayo:

I-Dingyao porcelain emhlophe