Ukutsalwa okungenanto - udaka olungenanto lubekwe kwi-reel (oko kukuthi, kwivili), kwaye amandla okujikeleza kwe-reel isetyenziselwa ukutsala udaka olungenanto kwimilo efunwayo ngezandla zombini, indlela yemveli yokuvelisa i-ceramics e-China, kwaye le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-billet. Iidiski, izitya kunye nezinye izinto ezingqukuva zenziwe ngendlela yokuzoba engenanto.
Udongwe olutsalwa ngesandla
I-billet - xa i-blank blank i-semi-dry, ibekwe kwi-reel kwaye ilungiswe ngemela ukwenza umphezulu ogudileyo, obunzima kwaye onjalo, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-billet.
Ukwemba unyawo - xa isixhobo esijikelezayo sitsalwa singenanto, i-3-intshi ubude bethagethi yodaka (isiphatho) ishiywe ezantsi, kwaye ke unyawo olusezantsi lwesitya sokumba lugrunjwa kwinyawo elisezantsi, le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-gruding foot.
Isakhiwo somtya wodongwe â yindlela yamandulo yokubumba udongwe. Xa kusenziwa, udaka luqala luqengqeleke lube yimicu emide, luze luyilwe ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu ngokweemfuno zemilo, luze ngaphakathi nangaphandle lugudiswe ngesandla okanye ngezixhobo ezilula ukuze lube yinqanawa. Izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ngolu hlobo zidla ngokushiya imikhondo yeediski zodaka kwiindonga zangaphakathi.
Inkqubo yesondo - indlela yokwenza i-ceramics ngamavili anevili, icandelo eliphambili livili elijikelezayo lomthi, kukho i-shaft ethe nkqo phantsi kwevili, isiphelo esisezantsi se-shaft esithe nkqo singcwatywe emhlabeni, kwaye kukho i-hub yokuququzelela ukujikeleza kwevili. Ukusebenzisa amandla ajikelezayo evili, sebenzisa izandla zozibini ukutsala udaka olungenanto kwimilo oyifunayo. Indlela yokujikeleza yaqala kwinkcubeko ye-Neolithic Dawenkou kade, kwaye izinto eziveliswayo zazihlala zimilo kunye nobukhulu obufanayo.
Ukubuyisela emva â indlela yokudubula i-porcelain. Iikeyiki ze-cushion okanye isanti enqabileyo enokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu ifakwe kwibhokisi, kwaye izitya zitshiswe ngendlela esemthethweni, ebizwa ngokuba yi-backburning.
Indlela yokupakisha iigaskiti ezinxantathu kwinkqubo yokubuyisela umva
Ukupakisha â indlela yokudubula i-porcelain. Oko kukuthi, iziqwenga ezininzi zempahla ziyapakishwa kunye kwaye zitshiswe, kwaye izitya zibekwe zodwa ukuze zicocwe ezo zinto zitshileyo. Inokwahlulwa ibe:
(1) Ukufakwa kwezikhonkwane, le ndlela yayisetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo;
(2) Ukudubula okuqokelelweyo kwezangqa zesebe, njengeziko ezingatshintshiyo;
3 iimveliso.
Ukudubula ngaphezulu âindlela yokutshisa iporcelain. Oko kukuthi, i-porcelain igutyungelwe kwaye yosiwe kwibhokisi eneringi yenkxaso okanye i-barrel trapezoidal brace, eyaqala kwi-Northern Song Dynasty kwaye yayisetyenziswa kwi-Qingbai porcelain system e-Jingdezhen kunye nommandla osempuma-mpuma. Iinzuzo zisivuno esiphezulu kunye ne-deformation encinci; Ukungalungi kukuba umlomo wesitya awukhanyisi, nto leyo engafanelekanga ukuyisebenzisa.
Ukudubula kweVegetarian - kubhekiselele kwiikeramics ezifuna ukutshiswa kabini, oko kukuthi, kuqala ungene kwi-oven ukuze utshise into engenanto kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi (malunga ne-750 ~ 950 ° C), elibizwa ngokuba yi-vegetarian firing, kwaye emva koko, likhazimle kwakhona kwi-oven ukuze libe nomlilo. Inokunyusa amandla omzimba oluhlaza kunye nokuphucula izinga lokunyaniseka.
Isangqa se-astringent - phambi kokuba i-porcelain blank ihlanganiswe, ingaphakathi lesitya likhutshiwe kwisangqa se-glaze, kwaye indawo engabonakaliyo ibizwa ngokuba "isangqa se-astringent", eyayithandwa kwi-Jin kunye neYuan dynasties.
I-Dip glaze - I-Dipped glaze yenye yeendlela ze-ceramic glazing, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "dipping glaze". Umzimba oluhlaza untywiliselwe kwi-glaze ixesha elithile kwaye emva koko ususwe, kwaye ukufunxa kwamanzi ohlaza kusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-glaze paste ibambelele kwindawo engenanto. Ubunzima bomgca we-glaze bulawulwa ngokufunxa kwamanzi okungenanto, ukuxinwa kwe-glaze slurry, kunye nexesha le-maceration. Ilungele ukukhenkceza umzimba wetayara kunye nekomityi kunye neemveliso zesitya.
Ukuvuthuza kweglaze - yenye yeendlela zemveli zokukhenkceza eTshayina. Gubungela ngetyhubhu ye-bamboo ngentambo ecikizekileyo, yicwilise kwi-glaze kwaye uyivuthele ngomlomo wakho, inani lokuvuthela kwe-glaze lixhomekeke kubukhulu besitya, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-17 ~ 18 amaxesha, kancinane njenge-3 ~ 4 amaxesha. Iinzuzo zayo zenza i-glaze ngaphakathi kwempahla ifanise kwaye ihambelana, kwaye le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ezinkulu, amathayi amancinci kunye neemveliso ezikhazimlayo. Yayinguvulindlela eJingdezhen kwiMing Dynasty.
I-glazing - inkqubo yokukhenkceza kwizinto ezinkulu, yenye yeendlela zendabuko zokuqhwala e-China. Bamba isitya okanye icephe kwisandla ngasinye, ucofe intlama yeglaze, uyigalele phezu komzimba oluhlaza.
I-glaze - enye yeendlela zemveli zokukhenkceza eTshayina. Ngethuba lokusebenza, i-glaze paste igalelwe ngaphakathi kwi-blank, kwaye emva koko ishukunyiswa, ukwenzela ukuba phezulu nangaphantsi kwesobunxele nasekunene kufakwe ngokulinganayo, kwaye i-glaze engaphezulu igalelwe, le ndlela ifanelekile kwiibhotile, iimbiza kunye nezinye izixhobo.
Ukushicilela â ubuchule bokuhombisa iiseramikhi. Umzobo obhalwe ngomfanekiso wokuhlobisa uprintwa kumzimba oluhlaza xa ungakasomisi, ngoko ke igama. Ngexesha leNtwasahlobo neKwindla kunye naMazwe alwayo, ingqayi yodongwe eprintiweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba yenye yeendlela zokuhombisa iiseramikhi eTshayina. I-Ding kiln yokushicilela i-porcelain ye-Song Dynasty ngoyena ummeli.
Ukukrwela - ubuchule bokuhlobisa i-porcelain. Sebenzisa isixhobo esichongiweyo ukuphawula imigca kwi-porcelain engenanto ukuhlobisa ipateni, ngoko ke igama. Yachuma kwiNgoma yoBukhosi, ngeentyatyambo, iintaka, imizobo, iidragons kunye neephoenixes.
Ukukrola - indlela yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. Sebenzisa imela ukudweba ipateni yokuhlobisa kwi-porcelain blank, ngoko ke igama. Ibonakaliswa ngamandla amakhulu, kwaye imigca inzulu kwaye ibanzi kunemivimbo. Yachuma kwiNgoma yoBukhosi kwaye yayidume kakhulu ngezinto eziqingqiweyo zeentyatyambo zaseYaozhou kiln emantla.
Ukukha iintyatyambo - indlela yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. Kwi-porcelain blank apho ipateni izotywa, inxalenye ngaphandle kwepateni isusiwe ukwenza ipateni ibe yiconvex, ngoko ke igama. Yaqala kumantla eCizhou kiln system kwi Song Dynasty, kunye neentyatyambo ezimdaka ngebala njengezona zibalaseleyo. Ngexesha le-Jin Yuan, ii-porcelain kilns e-Shanxi zazidume kakhulu, kwaye iintyatyambo ezimnyama ezikhazimlayo zazikhethekile.
IPearl Ground Scratching â ubuchule bokuhombisa kwiporcelain. Kwiporcelain ekrweliweyo engenanto, umsantsa uzaliswe ziipateni ezicolekileyo nezishinyeneyo zeeperile, ke igama, eliqala kwasekupheleni kweTang Henan Mi County kiln, iNgoma yeNgoma ethandwayo uHenan, Hebei, Shanxi porcelain kilns, Henan Dengfeng kiln products zezona zahluke kakhulu.
I-Appliqué - indlela yokuhlobisa i-ceramics. Ukusebenzisa ukubumba okanye ukuxova kunye nezinye iindlela, iipatheni ezahlukeneyo zenziwe ngodaka lwamatayara, kwaye emva koko zifakwe kumzimba oluhlaza, ngoko ke igama. I-appliqués eluhlaza-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ye-Tang Dynasty kunye ne-santi kilns, kunye nomhlobiso we-Tang Sancai appliqués ukusuka kwi-kilns ye-Gongxian County, e-Henan, zonke zidumile.
Iphepha lokusika i-appliqué - indlela yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. Ukusika iphepha bubugcisa besintu bendabuko eTshayina, obutshintsha iipateni zokusika iphepha kwi-porcelain umhombiso, ngoko ke igama. I-original Jizhou kiln kwiPhondo laseJiangxi kwiNgoma yeNgoma, kwi-teapot emnyama, ehlotshiswe ngeentyantyambo zeplum, amaqabunga enkuni, i-phoenixes, ama-butterflies kunye nezinye iipatheni, umphumo wokusika iphepha uyamangalisa, kunye neempawu ezinamandla zendawo.
Makeup dongwe â indlela yokuhombisa umbala wetayara. Ukuze uhlawule impembelelo yombala wetayili ye-porcelain, umgca we-porcelain udongwe omhlophe usetyenziswa kwithayira elingenanto ukwenza ukunyathela okugudileyo kunye nomhlophe, ukwenzela ukuba kuphuculwe umbala we-glaze, kunye nodongwe lwe-porcelain olusetyenziswe kule ndlela lubizwa ngokuba yi-cosmetic clay. Udongwe lwezithambiso lwaqala kwiNtshona yeJin Dynasty eWuzhou kiln celadon eZhejiang, i-porcelain emhlophe yasemantla yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-Sui kunye neTang dynasties, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Cizhou kiln porcelain kwiNgoma yoBukhosi kwakuxhaphakile, ngakumbi iintlobo zokugawula zazisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ukukhangela igolide - ubuchule bokuhlobisa kweekeramics. Ipeyintwe kwiiseramics ngegolide kwaye emva koko igxothwe, kungoko igama. I-Song Dynasty Ding Kiln inomkhondo wegolide emhlophe ekhazimle kunye negolide emnyama ekhazimlayo, kwaye ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu, iNgoma ye-Ding Kiln "ipeyintwe ngejusi yegalikhi ngegolide". Ukusukela ngoko, imizobo yegolide kwiLiao, iJin, iYuan, iMing kunye neQing porcelain ibonwe.
Unyawo lwentsimbi emfusa - into yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. Ezinye iintlobo ze-Southern Song Dynasty eziko elisemthethweni, i-heirloom kiln kunye ne-Song Dynasty Longquan kiln, ngenxa yokuba ithambo lomntwana linomxholo ophezulu wentsimbi, xa litshiswa kwi-atmosphere yokunciphisa, i-glaze yomlomo wesitya ihamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi, kunye nombala we-fetal umfusa xa i-glaze layer incinci; Indawo evulekileyo yonyawo yi-iron-black, ebizwa ngokuba yi "purple iron foot".
Ucingo lwegolide lwegolide - into yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. I-Heirloom kiln porcelain, ngenxa yokwandiswa komlinganiso wokwandiswa kwevili ngexesha lokudubula, iifom ezivulekileyo ezivulekileyo, amaqhekeza amakhulu abonakala amnyama, amaqhekeza amancinci abonakala egolide atyheli, omnye omnyama kunye nomnye otyheli, oko kukuthi, into ebizwa ngokuba "yigolide yocingo lwentsimbi".
Ukuvulwa - ngenxa yokwandiswa komlinganiso ohlukeneyo wokugqabhuka kwamatayara ngexesha lokudubula, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeNgoma yeeNgoma ezisemthethweni, iikhilni ze-heirloom kunye ne-Longquan kilns zineempawu ezivulekileyo. Emva koBukhosi beNgoma, ii-kilns ze-Jingdezhen nazo zaba nokutshisa okuxekileyo.
Iimbambo - into yokuhlobisa i-porcelain. I-Southern Song Dynasty i-Longquan kiln celadon, ezinye iindawo zemveliso ye-strips ephumayo, xa i-glaze i-glaze incinci kakhulu, umbala ulula, uhluke, oko kukuthi, okubizwa ngokuba yi-ribs.
Ipateni yodaka lwe-Earthworm-isici esikhazimlayo se-porcelain. Xa i-porcelain blank ikhazinyuliswe kwaye yomile, i-glaze layer ivelisa iintanda, kwaye i-glaze iyahamba ngexesha lenkqubo yokudubula ukuvala iintanda, okukhokelela kwimikhondo eshiywe emva kokuba umsundululu urhubuluza kude nodaka, kungoko igama. Yinto ekhethekileyo yeJun kiln porcelain kwiYunithi yaseYu, kwiPhondo laseHenan kwiNgoma yoBukhosi.
Ipateni yozipho loononkala â uphawu olukhazimlisiweyo lweporcelain. Ngenxa yokukhenkceza kwezixhobo, ukukhenkceza okungqindilili kuyahla ukwenza umkhondo oshiywe emva kweenyembezi, kungoko igama, eliyenye yeempawu ze-porcelain glaze emhlophe kwi-ding kiln yeNgoma yoBukhosi.
I-Jomon - enye yeepateni zokuhombisa ze-Neolithic pottery. Ithiywe ngenxa yokuba ipateni imile njengepatheni yentambo enamaqhina. Iipats zomdongwe ezibhijelwe ngentambo okanye zikrolwe ngentambo yepateni zisetyenziswa kwindawo engenanto yodongwe engekamiswa, kwaye emva kokudubula, ipateni yeJomon ishiywe kumphezulu wesixhobo.
Ipateni yejometri - enye yeepatheni zokuhlobisa i-ceramics. Amanqaku, imigca, kunye neendawo zenza iindidi zezibalo zejometri eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke igama. Njengepateni engunxantathu, ipateni yegridi, ipateni ye-checkered, ipateni ye-zigzag, ipateni yesangqa, ipateni yedayimane, ipateni ye-zigzag, ipateni yeendudumo zamafu, ipateni yangasemva, njl.
